Approximation-based homomorphic encryption for secure and efficient blockchain-driven watermarking service

Didi Rosiyadi, Akbari Indra Basuki, Taufik Iqbal Ramdhani, Heru Susanto, Yusnan Hasani Siregar

Abstract


Homomorphic encryption has been widely used to preserve the privacy of watermarking process on blockchain-driven watermarking services. It offers transparent and traceable encrypted watermarking without revealing sensitive data such as original images or watermark data to the public. Nevertheless, the existing works suffer from enormous memory storage and extensive computing power. This study proposed an approximation-based homomorphic encryption for resource-efficient encrypted watermarking without sacrificing watermarking quality. We demonstrated the efficiency of the Cheon-Kim-Kim-Son (CKKS) encrypted watermarking process using discrete cosine transform-singular value decomposition (DCT-SVD) embedding. The evaluation results showed that it could preserve the watermarking quality similar to non-encrypted watermark embedding, even after geometrical and filtering attacks. Compared to existing homomorphic encryption, such as Brakerski-Gentry-Vaikuntanathan (BFV) encryption, it has superior performance regarding resource utilization and watermarking quality preservation.


Keywords


blockchain; Cheon-Kim-Kim-Son homomorphic encryption; discrete cosine transform-singular value decomposition; encrypted watermarking; watermarking service;

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DOI: http://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4388-4400

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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
p-ISSN 2088-8708, e-ISSN 2722-2578

This journal is published by the Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES) in collaboration with Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama (IPMU).